Of the triumvirate, the missions played a key role whose aim was to convert Indigenous populations to Christianity and assimilate them to Spanish cultural mores through spiritual education as well as the forced adoption of prescribed behaviors, European dress, and the Spanish language. From the sixteenth century, Spain’s colonizing efforts in the New World were predicated upon building towns ( pueblos), garrisoned forts ( presidios), and missions. The Council, in turn, established a hierarchy of authority, laws and protocols, and tactics for colonization. In 1524, the Spanish Crown created the Council of the Indies to administer affairs in its newly established colonies. THE SPANISH COLONIAL MISSION SYSTEM AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CALIFORNIA MISSIONS To understand the genesis of this historicist style, however, one must look at the twenty-one California missions erected between 17 that spanned the coast from modern-day San Diego to San Francisco. In terms of their built forms, they were notably the inspiration for the Mission Revival style, an architectural and decorative arts idiom that emerged in the late nineteenth century. As conurbations, they now form the nucleus of many modern cities. As a colonial project, they subjugated Indigenous populations and coalesced Spain’s control over vast territory. The Spanish colonial missions in the American Southwest, built in the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries, have left a lasting impression on the American cultural landscape and psyche.
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